Deep Earthquakes Why They Happen

Deep earthquakes were discovered in the 1920s, but they remain a subject of contention today. The reason is simple: they arent supposed to happen. Yet they account for more than 20 percent of all earthquakes. Shallow earthquakes require solid rocks to occur, more specifically, cold, brittle rocks. Only these can store up elastic strain along a geologic fault, held in check by friction until the strain lets loose in a violent rupture. The Earth gets hotter by about 1 degree C with every 100 meters of depth on average. Combine that with high pressure underground and its clear that by about 50 kilometers down, on average the rocks should be too hot and squeezed too tight to crack and grind the way they do at the surface. Thus deep-focus quakes, those below 70 km, demand an explanation. Slabs and Deep Earthquakes Subduction gives us a way around this. As the lithospheric plates making up Earths outer shell interact, some are plunged downward into the underlying mantle. As they exit the plate-tectonic game they get a new name: slabs. At first, the slabs, rubbing against the overlying plate and bending under the stress, produce shallow-type subduction earthquakes. These are well explained. But as a slab goes deeper than 70 km, the shocks continue. Several factors are thought to help: The mantle is not homogeneous but rather is full of variety. Some parts remain brittle or cold for very long times. The cold slab can find something solid to push against, producing shallow-type quakes, quite a bit deeper than the averages suggest. Moreover, the bent slab may also unbend, repeating the deformation it felt earlier but in the opposite sense.Minerals in the slab begin to change under pressure. Metamorphosed basalt and gabbro in the slab changes to the blueschist mineral suite, which in turn changes into garnet-rich eclogite around 50 km depth. Water is released at each step in the process while the rocks become more compact and grow more brittle. This dehydration embrittlement strongly affects the stresses underground.Under growing pressure, serpentine minerals in the slab decompose into the minerals olivine and enstatite plus water. This is the reverse of the serpentine formation that happened when the plate was young. It is thought to be complete around 160 km depth.W ater can trigger localized melting in the slab. Melted rocks, like nearly all liquids, take up more space than solids, thus melting can break fractures even at great depths.Over a wide depth range averaging 410 km, olivine begins to change to a different crystal form identical to that of the mineral spinel. This is what mineralogists call a phase change rather than a chemical change; only the volume of the mineral is affected. Olivine-spinel changes again to a perovskite form at around 650 km. (These two depths mark the mantles transition zone.)Other notable phase changes include enstatite-to-ilmenite and garnet-to-perovskite at depths below 500 km. Thus there are plenty of candidates for the energy behind deep earthquakes at all depths between 70 and 700 km, perhaps too many. The roles of temperature and water are important at all depths as well, though not precisely known. As scientists say, the problem is still poorly constrained. Deep Earthquake Details There are a few more significant clues about deep-focus events. One is that the ruptures proceed very slowly, less than half the speed of shallow ruptures, and they seem to consist of patches or closely spaced subevents. Another is that they have few aftershocks, only one-tenth as many as shallow quakes do. They relieve more stress; that is, the stress drop is generally much larger for deep than shallow events. Until recently the consensus candidate for the energy of very deep quakes was the phase change from olivine to olivine-spinel or transformational faulting. The idea was that little lenses of olivine-spinel would form, gradually expand and eventually connect in a sheet. Olivine-spinel is softer than olivine, therefore the stress would find an avenue of sudden release along those sheets. Layers of melted rock might form to lubricate the action, similar to superfaults in the lithosphere, the shock might trigger more transformational faulting, and the quake would slowly grow. Then the great Bolivia deep earthquake of 9 June 1994 occurred, a magnitude 8.3 event at a depth of 636 km. Many workers thought that to be too much energy for the transformational faulting model to account for. Other tests have failed to confirm the model. Not all agree. Since then, deep-earthquake specialists have been trying new ideas, refining old ones, and having a ball.

Who Is Becoming A Pediatrician - 893 Words

Having to decide rather or not if you are wanting to go to college can be a very hard decision. It takes time, Money and dedication from that person in order to achieve their goal. Sometimes it can be even more difficult if the person is an athlete or just even being far from home. Growing up I was never sure what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. I thought about being a nurse and specializing in one of the fields. One for sure that I thought about a lot was becoming a pediatrician. The thought of getting to work with the tiny little babies all was made my face glow. One thing for sure though was I was going to play softball in college. I have been playing softball since the age of 4, that’s when my dad started me off in T-ball. While playing softball at a young age I had my moments where I didn’t want to play anymore, and my dad would ask me why and what was my thinking of the situation and my feeling. Then about an hour after the talk I was always out there pla ying again. When I started middle school I wanted to stop playing softball and just do strictly volleyball. My parents decided that I was not going to do it because they had invested too much time into my travel team now for softball. I decided that I would do volleyball in the fall and softball in the spring. Going into high school it became the complete opposite, I no longer wanted to play volleyball and I wanted to become just a softball player. I realized that the sport was growing, and I wanted toShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose to Become a Pediatrician Essay976 Words   |  4 Pageswould definitely be a pediatrician. Pediatricians are smart, hardworking, gentle hearted and amazing people. Although becoming a pediatrician is a very long road, it is very rewarding. High pay and lovable working environment are the best rewards. Being a pediatrician has so many advantages and benefits, but it also has disadvantages and overwhelming requirements. 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This job requires many sacrifices, skills, and strengths to endeavor the obstacles on the way to the goal. This particular job is also a very honorable and noble job in the sense of helping children with their illnesses and ailments. Personally, I love children and I’m always fascinated by their actions and interesting techniques of expressing themselves. Since I amRead MoreA Career as a Pediatrician Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pageswanted to be a doctor, but not just any doctor. For as long as I can remember, I have wanted to be a pediatrician. Now, half way through my junior year in high school, I have started to question the details of this career, and all the hard work it takes to become a part of the medical field. What I Know I know pediatricians are people who carry their career with them wherever they go. 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My career goal and lifelong dream has been to become a successful pediatrician. I enjoy working with children and it is my passion to help people. My wis h is to pursue a degree as a pediatrician and hopefully open my own clinic. Through diligent work, commitment, and a secure passion forRead MoreEssay about A Career as a Pediatrician1275 Words   |  6 Pagespeople do not want to put in all the effort that it takes to do so. The job of a pediatrician is life-changing to many. Unfortunately, it takes drive and effort that many people do not have, to become a pediatrician. A pediatrician’s job is a highly-skilled and interesting job because he or she has the privilege to deal with and help as many children as possible. What is a pediatrician? Pediatricians are doctors who specialize and focus in caring for babies to young adults (Career Cruising). They

Mental Illnesses Run Deeper than the Surface myassignmenthelp

Question: What Is The Impact Of Social Support On Postnatal Depression? Answer: Introduction: Depression is considered to be one of the most difficult mental conditions that cause the most damage to the lifestyle of an individual. Many psychiatry researchers and authors have deemed it the major cause behind the increasing rates of suicides all over the world. This psychological disorder so intensely damages the self worth and confidence that an individual does not hesitate to take his or her own life. Although much research have been carried out to determine or distinguish the exact set of triggers that facilitate anyone to succumb to depression, there is still a conspicuous lack of clarity to determine what propels a sane human being to the dark abyss of depression. Unfortunately this particular disease has captured our youth at the best, 1 out of 5 young adult is found to be dealing with some degree of depression. The statistics or teens and tweens are even worse, every single day millions of youngsters wilfully take their own lives, exhausted and defeated by the hands of d epression. Despite the terrible reality going worse and worse every day, the society still has not taken a huge step to ensure that their young are well protected from the huge risk that depression poses (Jones et al., 2014). One major contributing factor to the terrifying lack of preventative and support measures can be the extreme difficulty to recognize a severely depressed person. They seem very similar to a happy and sane person as well, the signs and symptoms of depression are very difficult to track, and when they are clearly visible in the nature and behaviour of the patient, is often too late to bring them back. However, medical science has progressed considerably and now there are some answers to the misery of mental illnesses. Various authors have devoted their lives to the characterization of depression depending on the cause and symptoms of it and there are some categories standardized now that can help the psychiatrists to distinguish them, post partum depression is one such category (Mitchell, 2015). This is rather a unique kind of depression that affects mothers after the event of childbirth. The symptoms of post natal depression include sorrow, anger, anxiety, fatigue, irregular sleeping patterns, decreased appetite and decreased libido. The concept of post partum depression might be very common, but the causes for this particular disease have not yet been discovered. Although few psychiatrics blame the complete restructuring of the hormonal levels during and after pregnancy to be the major cause behind this phenomenon. What makes post natal depression even more dangerous is the trigger it has proved to be to the maximum instances of parental abuse and even child slaughter, hence undoubtedly there is a pressing need for the society to take this mental problem seriously (Reid Taylor, 2015). Mental illnesses run deeper than the surface, and it has now been established that only a carefully curated set of antipsychotic medication cannot help those who are dealing with this particular disease. Psychiatrists worldwide have attempted to include cognitive behavioural therapies, group therapies and what not to expedite the process of healing for the majority of mental Psychology illnesses (Zhang Jin, 2016). Counselling support is the biggest element of psychological care and has helped millions regain the control of their lives effectively, and post natal depression is a very similar mental problem. Studies have suggested at the excellent effect social counselling support has had over the young mothers dealing with post natal depression and has helped hem embrace motherhood without any inhibition. Researchers have discovered the immense fear and anxiety brought forward by the responsibility of a new born becomes the driving force propelling new mothers of sometimes fathers to wards the post natal depression, amd having a thorough support system guiding them through the process of parenthood before and after child birth has discovered to be seen making a huge difference (Zhang Jin, 2016). He social support that new parents dealing with post natal depression include feeding guidance, bathing guidance, hygiene guidance, baby handling practice sessions and mostly private and group counselling session where he patient dealing with depression is allowed to share their woes and insecurities and share them with the counsellor and other parents struggling to keep up with parenthood as well (Negron et al., 2013). This extensive support system allows the unfortunate parents to feel protected and valued and helps the find a niche when they feel they are fast losing hold on anchor in their lives. Despite the impact of social supporting preventing the occurrence of post natal depression, there still is lack of access to such support services in rural or suburban ethnic communities. However, then personal contact cannot be achieved telephonic support can be beneficial in generating a supportive foundation in the lives of parents dealing with post natal depression ad are living in a n area that is not well connected or developed (Negron et al., 2013). This research will focus on evaluating the impact of telephonic social support to the post natal depressed parents who live in an area from where they cannot access such supportive care due to geographic, economic or societal barriers. Methods: A research study cannot move forward without a well organized and pre planned set of research methodologies to proceed with. A well articulated and carefully curated set of research methodologies allow the researcher to take step by step actions to proceed with the research without any hindrance, and without a proper research methodology planned, the progress of a research study is lost. This research will depend mostly on primary data nad the data collected will be analysed using qualitative data analysis technique. As subject population 60 mothers will be selected that are dealing with post partum depression provided by the local hospitals and health care facilities as well as with community social service centres. To ensure ethical practice in this research all the participants will be informed about the study and a proper consent will be extracted from the participants to ascertain their wilful participation. As a measurement tool for the level or severity of the depression of the selected participants, La Trobe Post-Natal Depression Scale will be utilized. This particular scale of 10 self-report Likert items on a scale of 1 5 and is used abundantly in the determination of the severity of depression an individual is suffering with. The sacle will be used both bfore and after the conduction of study and will aid as the most cost effective way to measure the scale of depression in the subjects. To further simplify the study design, the subjects will be randomly categorized in to two groups, the control group will not receive any kind of telephonic support program and the experimental group will receive the telephonic support program organized for the study for a prefixed period of time, after which the level of depression will be measured in both groups again with the help of La Trobe Post-Natal Depression Scale. It has to be mentioned in this context that the telephonic program will be examined as an additional support along with the social and medical they are receiving to determine what difference the telephonic program and the lack of it will bring. The control group will not be denied access to external social and medical help as well. After the completion of the study the depression scale of all the subjects belonging to different groups will be diligently measured and compared to arrive at a decision. This discretion will bring clarity and accuracy in the study and w ill reduce te chances of mishap happening. However, no depressed should be denied any additional support they can get and depriving the control group subjects of the telephonic help will be extremely immoral and unethical. Hence the telephonic subjects will be treated as thec waiting list and they will be provided access to telephonic support after the completion of the study. The telephonic support program will comprise of a peer group of trained support staff who have either previously experienced PPD or have encountered someone with PPD closely. The study will continue for two months at a stretch and the subjects will receive 15 minute phone calls thrice a week for the duration of the entire study. Lastly in order to pledge he ethical compliance o this research the researcher will ascertain extracting consent from each and every subject and will also ensure all he personal data are treated with complete confidentiality. Reference: Cankorur, V. S., Abas, M., Berksun, O., Stewart, R. (2015). Social support and the incidence and persistence of depression between antenatal and postnatal examinations in Turkey: a cohort study.BMJ open,5(4), e006456. Jones, I., Chandra, P. S., Dazzan, P., Howard, L. M. (2014). Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period.The Lancet,384(9956), 1789-1799. Mitchell, E. (2015). Only recently has paternal postpartum depression (PPD) received much attention. Research has shown that maternal PPD is associated with negative outcomes in the childs cognitive development and social and marital problems for the parents. Likewise, depressed fathers are less likely to play outside with their child and more likely to put the child to bed awake. Recent studies reported that 10.4% of men experienced depression within 12 month of delivery. Edmondson et al 2 estimate the prevalence of ....Current Psychiatry,14(5), e1-e2. Negron, R., Martin, A., Almog, M., Balbierz, A., Howell, E. A. (2013). Social support during the postpartum period: mothers views on needs, expectations, and mobilization of support. Maternal and child health journal, 17(4), 616-623. Reid, K. M., Taylor, M. G. (2015). Social support, stress, and maternalPsychology postpartum depression: A comparison of supportive relationships.Social science research,54, 246-262. Zhang, Y., Jin, S. (2016). The impact of social support on postpartum depression: The mediator role of self-efficacy.Journal of health psychology,21(5), 720-726.